Congenital Wrist and Elbow Conditions
Congenital conditions of the wrist and the elbow are rare. The exact cause of these types of conditions is unknown, although, in many instances, a genetic connection is suspected. Also referred to as "congenital abnormalities," congenital conditions are those that are present at birth. Three types of congenital conditions that affect the wrist or elbow are amyoplasia, joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) and congenital dislocation of the radial head.
Types of Congenital Wrist and Elbow Conditions
These conditions are typically treated by orthopedists who specialize in treating the hand, wrist, forearm and elbow.
Amyoplasia
Amyoplasia is a congenital condition that affects the joints, including those in the wrist and elbow. A form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, amyoplasia is a disorder that causes joints to contract, limiting their range of motion. As a result, muscles atrophy and are replaced by fat and fibrotic tissue. Some experts believe amyoplasia occurs in 1 in 3,000 births; others believe it is even less common. It is typically detected at birth or during an ultrasound examination of the fetus. To improve quality of life, physical therapy, occupational therapy or orthopaedic surgery may be recommended.
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome
Joint hypermobility syndrome can affect the wrist or elbow. It is a condition in which ligaments, joint capsules and intervertebral discs are able to flex beyond the normal range of motion. Hypermobility sufferers are often unaware of joint position, so may move in ways that cause joint damage. Treatment may include behavior modification, wearing splints or braces, or performing strengthening exercises.
Congenital Dislocation of the Radial Head
Congenital dislocation of the radial head is the most common congenital abnormality in the elbow. The elbow joint comprises three bones: the humerus, ulna and radius. The radial head is the area of the radius that touches the humerus. When the radial head is dislocated, it may cause pain or limit range of motion in the elbow. Most cases do not require treatment, although surgery may be performed when pain is persistent or range of motion extremely limited, both of which occur rarely. Although it is present at birth, it is often only discovered when children are between 4 and 8 years old.
In general, the earlier a congenital condition is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome for the patient.